1. Differentiate between the internal and external forces that lead to the formation of landforms.
Internal forces originate inside the Earth and create landforms through earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and folding. External forces act on the Earth’s surface through wind, water, glaciers, and waves, causing weathering, erosion, and deposition.

2. ‘Mountains influence the life of people living in the area.’ Justify this statement with examples.
Mountains affect climate, occupations, transport, and settlement. People practice terrace farming, animal rearing, and tourism. Mountain rivers provide water and hydroelectric power, while forests supply timber and medicinal plants.

3. Explain the challenges that people living in mountainous regions face.
People in mountainous regions face steep slopes, harsh weather, landslides, and limited farmland. Transport and communication are difficult, making access to education, healthcare, and markets challenging, especially during heavy rainfall or snowfall.

4. How does the topography of the land influence the occupations of people living in plateau regions?
Plateaus are rich in minerals, so mining is a major occupation. People also work in industries based on mineral resources. Limited fertile land restricts farming, while some areas support grazing and livestock rearing.

5. What are some of the challenges faced by people living in the plateau regions of the world?
People living in plateau regions often face water scarcity, uneven terrain, and poor soil fertility. Transportation can be difficult in rugged areas, and extreme temperatures may affect agriculture and daily life.

6. ‘Living in the plains is easy—it presents no challenges.’ Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer.
No, I do not agree. Although plains have fertile soil and good transport facilities, they face problems like floods, overcrowding, pollution, and pressure on resources due to high population density and rapid urbanization.